Muscle synergies were extracted by non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), providing two components: muscle synergy vectors and synergy activation coefficients. Both kinematics and electromyographic (EMG) patterns of 12 upper-limb and trunk muscles were recorded. This cyclic movement is interesting because it requires learning, as untrained subjects are unable to perform this task. We studied a population of experienced gymnasts during backward giant swings on the high bar. 10.1109/ purpose of the present study was to determine whether subjects who have learned a complex motor skill exhibit similar neuromuscular control strategies. Motor skill development alters kinematics and co-activation between flexors and extensors of limbs in human infant crawling. Xiong QL, Hou WS, Xiao N, Chen YX, Yao J, Zheng XL, et al. Developmental constraints of quadrupedal coordination across crawling styles in human infants. Interlimb coordination in human crawling reveals similarities in development and neural control with quadrupeds. Developmental-changes in interlimb coordination-transition to hands-and-kness crawling. Assessment of motor development and function in preschool children. Our results suggest a constrained neuromuscular control strategy due to neurological injury in infants with CDD, and such constrain may contribute to the reduced movement smoothness in infant crawling.ĮMG infant crawling kinematics motor developmental delay muscle synergy. Furthermore, the normalized JC values were correlated ( p < 0.05) with the number of co-activation muscles per synergy. We found that the infants with CDD demonstrated higher normalized JC values (less movement smoothness), fewer muscle synergies, and more co-activating muscles per synergy, compared to infants with TD ( p < 0.05) and ARDD ( p < 0.05). The inter-limb muscle synergy and the number of co-activating muscles per synergy were measured using EMGs. Temporal-spatial parameters and normalized Jerk-Cost (JC) function (i.e., smoothness of movement) were computed from the measured kinematics. Surface EMG of eight arm and leg muscles and the corresponding joint kinematic data were collected while participants crawled on hands and knees at their self-selected velocity. We hypothesized that even though all of the groups are at a similar developmental age, there would be differences in kinematic measures during crawling, and such differences would be associated with CNS impairment as measured by electromyography (EMG) features. The aim of this study was to quantify and compare inter-limb muscle synergy and kinematics during crawling among infants at a similar developmental age, however, clinically determined to be typically developing (TD, N = 20) infants, infants at risk of developmental delay (ARDD, N = 33), or infants with confirmed developmental delay (CDD, N = 13). However, possible contribution from CNS impairments to motor development delay is still unknown. Mobility during crawling is regularly used in clinical assessments to identify delays in motor development. Hands-and-knees-crawling is an important motor developmental milestone and a unique window into the development of central nervous system (CNS).
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